The Effects Military Deployment Has On Marital Relationships.

The Effects Military Deployment has on Marital Relationships Meghan GaNung Indiana University of Pennsylvania Abstract This research paper provides a theoretical perspective on the effects that military deployment has on marital relationships. The background section investigates the five different military branches, what stressors are involved for those in military relationships, and a brief history of what military relationships were like in the past. In the literature review, readers will explore research studies that have been conducted in the past five years that pertain to military couples. There are three themes that will be pointed out throughout the literature review; the psychological effects deployment has on†¦show more content†¦Other effects of low relationship satisfaction can be caused from the individuals experiencing anxiety and or depression. Over 25% of military personnel look for professional care due to these diagnostics (Trump, Lamson, Lewis, 2015). An individual experiencing mental distress does not have the energy to work on a difficult relationship. It is important t o conduct more research on military romantic relationships to bridge the gap between what is known and unknown. This information can help prepare military couples for the changes that will occur in their lives and help the couple to better understand the impact deployment has on their relationship. Military marriages are falling apart for reasons that can be easily fixed with external support. Community resources are available to aid military spouses while they are dealing with the separation. However, these resources are not being used as they should. There are plenty of spouses that would benefit from the outside aid, the issue comes into play that they don’t know about them. Informing research to help prepare the couple for their distant relationship to military couples can bridge the gap between these communication barriers the couples experience. Background Military The United States military employs nearly 1.5 million soldiers. The military is broken down into five different branches,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Family Disorder In Veterans1033 Words   |  5 PagesParticipants included over 300 veterans with ages ranging from in their twenties into their seventies years old. Some of the participants had history of combat experience, some with no combat experience, and some with some other kind of military trauma. Relationship and family status ranged from married, single, widowed, divorced, or never married. This study took this information and evaluated whether family functioning had significance throughout the whole process of the veteran’s treatment planRead MoreThe Deployment Of Military Personnel964 Words   |  4 Pagesthere was over 1.4 million active duty U.S. military personnel, of which approximately half have a spouse and/or children (Department of Defense, 2014). Once deployment orders are received, these servicemen and women must say goodbye to their loved ones for up to fifteen months. During this time of separation, these families will go through dramatic changes in an effort to make up for the absence of a spouse and/or parent. The deployment of military personnel adversely affects their families byRead MoreThe Deployment Of Military Personnel847 Words   |  4 Pagesmember of the U.S. military gets deployed? At the end of 2013, there were over 1.4 million active duty U.S. military personnel, of which approximately half have a spouse and/or children. Once deployment orders are received these servicemen and women must say goodbye to their loved ones for up to fifteen months. During this time of separation, the families will go through dramatic changes in an effort to make up for the absence of a spouse and/or parent. The deployment of military personnel adverselyRead MoreThe Deployment Of Military Personnel Essay884 Words   |  4 Pages As of April 12, 2015, excluding the U.S. C oast Guard, there are nearly 1.2 million active duty U.S. military personnel (Demographics of Active Duty U.S. Military, 2015). Approximately half of these men and women have a spouse and/or children that they must say goodbye to once they are deployed and deployment can last four to fifteen months. The deployment of military personnel adversely affects their families by causing negative emotional and/or behavioral changes, continuously altering theRead MoreMilitary Marriages After 9 / 11976 Words   |  4 PagesMilitary Marriages After 9/11 The military lifestyle is simply one of a kind. Our military places enormous stress not only on each of its members, but on each of their families as well. Long periods of separation, lengthy training, and combat deployments affect those in the battlefield and their loved ones at home. Our military has changed forever after the infamous terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. With continuous, hateful threats from our enemies, the demands placed upon our serviceRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesStudies involving military members is ever increasing among researchers. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental illnesses military members are diagnosed with are closely studied to gain better knowledge on how these diagnoses develop and how these diagnoses can be treated through counseling services and medication (Owens et al. 2014). Substance use is increasing amongst military members and many studies have conducted research on thi s topic. Military families endure different stressorsRead MoreThe Deployment Of A Family Member1748 Words   |  7 PagesMany military families in the United States are experiencing multiple deployments as our country continues to send more troops to Iraq and Afghanistan, and the effects on their families are becoming more severe. The deployment of a family member can definitely be a difficult time for loved ones. Currently, families are experiencing the affects of the deployment cycle and it is putting many people under a lot of emotional stress. More than 1.2 billion families have an active-duty parent or spouseRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Joining the Armed Forces1362 Words   |  6 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Joining the Armed Forces The Modernization of the Military The military of today is in no way like that of a century, or even three decades ago. The threats to the national environment have been greatly exacerbated by the heightening of the â€Å"war on terror† and international situation as a result thereof. The armed forces are seeking to adapt to the growing trends of globalization, challenges to national sovereignty, the relocation of political authority to transnationalRead MoreA Research Study On Relational Health1293 Words   |  6 Pagesaddition to regular family stress, military families also face stress attributed to military life. Military families experience things like deployments, relocations, PTSD, depression, other mental health issues and constant shifting of family responsibilities due to parental absences. Due to the transitional nature of military family life, it is crucial that relationships within the family stay strong to generate good collective familial stress management. Relationships and interactions within the familyRead MoreEnlisting The Military : A Brave Choice That Noble Citizens Should Not Be Seen By The Eye886 Words   |  4 PagesEnlisting in the military is a brave choice that noble citizens choose to do. Individuals enlist in the military for a variety of reasons such as honor, experience, or as a career. Regardless of the reason for enlisting, many individuals do not consider the long term effects of combat situations. Of course in combat situations, physical risks are always a factor, but there are also scars that cannot be seen by the eye. Physical injuries and life threatening situations often lead to the most frequent

Human Relationships and Happiness - 1121 Words

Human Relationships and Happiness Happiness is only experienced when you share it with others around you. Your friends, family, significant others, peers, and books all show a person how it is better to share your happiness with others than to experience it by yourself. In songs the artists always sing about how they are happier with people and how it is hard to share things by being alone. Although being alone can be nice and it gives you a feeling of serenity, it isn’t the same as it would be with someone else because you are able to share it with family, friends, significant others, and books. All of these factors help with how you experience your own happiness. Family is a key part to a person’s happiness. Your mother and father†¦show more content†¦By getting help from friends and people that you love it helps you grow as a person and it makes you stronger. When you don’t have friends like this it is hard to feel happy and to share that happiness wh ich makes these relationships more meaningful than being alone and not being able to have those laughs with others. After reading so many books I have come to realize that the only time a character is sad or upset about something is because they aren’t able to share something that has happened in their life. For example, in the book Beastly the main character is popular and has everything he wants but isn’t able to share the fact that he won class president because his father isn’t ever there for him. But because he is so selfish he is turned into a beast and the only way to change back is to have someone fall in love with him not by looks but what is on the inside. He was always sad and depressed because he wasn’t able to find someone that would love him for who he really is, but when he finds someone he shares a connection with her and begins to express happiness. This book is a perfect example as to why human relationships equal happiness. Happiness is only experienced when you share it with others around you. You’re family, friends, significant others, and even in books, show how happiness can only be achieved when you share it. Like ChrisShow MoreRelatedModernization Impacts People’S Lives Everywhere. On One1744 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalization is one of the consequences of modernization, which stimulates the social economic development. However, in Arlie Russell Hochschild’s essay â€Å"From the Frying Pan into the Fire†, she points out that capitalization brings busyness and fades humans’ relationships due to the busyness. The definitions about love have been altered through the process of capitalization which to someone like Hochschild is a great loss. Similarly, the technical advancement, which is another consequence of Modernization, alsoRead MoreEthics Of Caring And Virtue910 Words   |  4 PagesEthics of Caring and Virtue Ethics of virtue is the belief that if a person wants to be considered good, they do good things (Pollock, 1988). In ethics of virtue, happiness is always the outcome of a situation. The main premise of virtue theory lies upon three main principles; virtues, practical wisdom and eudemonia. A virtue is a mean state which lays between two vices. A virtue is a characteristic a virtuous person possesses, for example courage. Courage is a virtue which lays between cowardiceRead MoreHow Do People Indicate Money Versus Happiness?867 Words   |  4 Pagesin this life. Humans spend most their life time just to make money. An average person works 8 to 10 hours daily, and many people even work tirelessly, sacrificing both eating and sleeping time. Not only that, we also shed sweats and tears, mind and intellect to make it. The ultimate aim of all the activities of everyone is building a happy life. To achieve it, we always try our best. But, have you ever wondered â€Å" What is money that many people who blindly pursue? What is happiness that everyone desiresRead MoreHappiness and Sin: A Two-Sided Coin The American dream is based on one thing, happiness, but what1100 Words   |  5 PagesHappiness and Sin: A Two-Sided Coin The American dream is based on one thing, happiness, but what is happiness? Happiness is usually characterized as, something that makes you feel, fulfillment, joy, and pleasure. However I think happiness is different for everyone, and ever changing depending on where you are in life, and my life is a perfect example of this. A years ago if you asked me what happiness was, I would have told you, I was experiencing pure happiness. I had a job that paid well, a niceRead MoreCorrelation Between Wealth And Happiness1483 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween Wealth and Happiness in Developed and Developing Countries: Is the level of Happiness Equal to Wealth? This is a frequently asked question; How to make life fabulous with happiness ? Plenty of philosophers and social anthropologists have been seeking to answer it but they still can not suggest an obvious solution because various factors affect happiness and these are interacting with each other, thus, these points are not analyzed easily. However, even though analyzing happiness is complicatedRead MoreThe Psychological Effect Of `` Immune `` And `` By Barbara Fredricksons Love 2.01551 Words   |  7 PagesHappiness is a euphoric state, it is the light at the end of the tunnel, it is what individuals seek to achieve. Human beings inherently want to be happy. Happiness is unique because it has seven billion different definitions. In his book Immune to Reality, Daniel Gilbert argues that individuals are only as happy as the subconscious function of their brain allows them to be. Additionally, he questions the state of happiness by citing the psychological immune system. The psychol ogical immuneRead MoreHow Does Private Property Begin1140 Words   |  5 Pagesnature which he mentioned was suppositious, primordial habitation where humans live uncontaminated by the society. He said men are born with the blank face which is neither good nor bad, but the society and social environment in which he is brought up plays an important role in shaping their nature. People have complete physical and emotional freedom for doing anything in society. But he also mentioned some of the drawbacks of humans are that they have not yet learned wisdom and morality. But RousseauRead MoreSigmund Freud : Civilization And Its Discontents1682 Words   |  7 Pagestheir instincts. In addition, Freud also believes that happiness is restricted by our constitution through the use of laws and regulations. Furthermore, the author also refers to sexuality as a component to building relationships in society. Moreover, Freud also draws a conclusion that our aggressive instincts lead us to guil t when we harm one another. Although Sigmund Freud makes an assessment on civilization being a place of conflict, humans lack the ability in changing their behaviors, the theoryRead MorePositve Psychology and Aristotles Virtue Ethics Converge Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the promotion of positive emotions, individual character strengths, as well as, eudemonic happiness, as key components to optimal mental health. Like many other contemporary theories, positive psychology borrows principles and tenets of philosophies, which preceded its formal conception. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast virtue, character strengths, relationships, and happiness as presented by positive psychology with Aristotle’s virtue ethics theory. Positive psychologyRead MoreIs The Fundamental Factor Of Human Life?1464 Words   |  6 Pageslife fabulous with happiness ? Plenty of philosophers and social anthropologists have been seeking to answer it but they still can not suggest an obvious solution because various factors affect happiness and these are interacting with each other, thus, these points are not analyzed easily. However, even though analyzing happiness is complicated, it is studied by many groups in order to propose a measure of happiness for evaluating human life. Humanity is able to live with happiness if the factors are

Stress affects teenagers Free Essays

Stress affects adolescents about every twenty-four hours. Many feel stressed-out when they have a trial, occupation, or excessively many activities. It can even be caused from something every bit little as siting a roller coaster. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress affects teenagers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Goals and challenges are the chief cause because they are thought to be difficult to finish. Stress is a well-known trigger for depression and can besides impact physical wellness. It is of import to place the causes of emphasis in a adolescent ‘s life and seek to minimise them. Stress, no affair if it is little or large, occurs in adolescents ‘ lives today. Stress is the uncomfortable feeling of holding force per unit area and it can be caused from many events. The chief causes of emphasis in a adolescent ‘s life semen from school, work, activities, friends, and household. There are two signifiers that it comes in. The first signifier is called acute emphasis, which lasts for a short period of clip. This can be caused from losing the coach, contending with a friend, or giving a address in school. Another sort of emphasis is chronic emphasis, which is long-run emphasis. Examples include repeated battle in school, illness/disability, or an unlogical fright ( highs, bugs, etc ) . Most adolescents begin with acute emphasis and so bit by bit experience overwhelmed, which develops into chronic emphasis. The causes of stress come with both internal and external effects. It depends on the individual, but the internal effects include anxiousness, crossness, and nervousness. External effects include take a breathing faster, sudating, musculuss straining, dry oral cavity, keener senses, and deficiency of energy, concerns, and illness. A stressed individual tends to hold problem paying attending and have problem remembering facts. A individual who is ambitious or a perfectionist additions emphasize more frequently. All of this can do a individual to acquire into battles and lose friends. There is a procedure in the organic structure that takes topographic point when emphasis occurs. First, a endocrine called epinephrine combines with epinephrine, which causes an â€Å" adrenaline haste † . The endocrines and chemicals cause the organic structure to increase blood force per unit area and bosom rate. These responses prepare the organic structure to cover with and retrieve from a physical onslaught. The organic structure besides suppresses the production of other chemicals to assist increase protective responses. If the encephalon ne’er puts its guard down, it develops chronic emphasis. The ability to kip is the first to travel. These effects occur if it ‘s existent of imagined ; it ‘s what we perceive. Suicide and depression can happen. Other serious effects are high blood force per unit area, reflux disease, asthma, ulcers, and megrims. Every twenty-four hours adolescents face state of affairss that can be nerve-racking, which can develop when the adolescent matures into an grownup. Finding schemes to avoid and command emphasis are good so that the individual can blend a happy life with work. To go stress-free, the individual has to alter their ideas, attitudes, feelings, communicating, response, and fortunes. Physically, adolescents must eat healthy, acquire adequate slumber ( around eight to nine hours ) , and exercising. Adolescents should retrieve to maintain thoughts into position and be optimistic. Surrounding themselves with good friends, a good degree of activities, and adequate clip to acquire school work done is indispensable.Each twenty-four hours emphasis builds up in a adolescent ‘s life, which can be negative as this carries into their maturity. Once the encephalon understands that danger is gone, all of the symptoms of emphasis are gone. Sadly, some do non recognize that the danger is gone, whic h can develop into serious jobs. Most adolescents suffer from emphasis and demand to larn how to pull off their emphasis in order to turn healthy in the ever-changing, nerve-racking universe. Exercise is a great manner to relieve emphasis. Exercise gives us the chance to acquire up and travel. Physical fittingness leads to greater assurance and self-denial ( Stephens, 1988 ) . Exercise besides lowers blood force per unit area while increasing our ability to cover with emphasis ( Ford, 2002 ) . Unfortunately, many of us bypass day-to-day exercising because we think we need to run five stat mis a twenty-four hours to do a difference. Not true. Even a 10 minute walk increases energy degrees and lowers tenseness ( Thayer, 1987, 1993 ) . There are many grounds why exercising can take to a decrease in emphasis: Exercise increases the end product of the mood-boosting chemicals your nervous system produces ( Jacobs, 1994 ) . Exercise enhances your cognitive abilities, such as memory, to some grade ( Etniers A ; others, 1997 ) . Exercise lowers your blood force per unit area ( Perkins A ; others, 1986 ) . Exercise has side effects, such as better slumber, that provide an emotion al benefit. Regular exercising cuts bosom onslaught hazard in half ( Powell A ; others, 1987 ) and increases length of service by every bit much as 2 old ages ( Paffenbarger A ; others, 1986 ) . So after a busy agenda or a exhausting twenty-four hours on the occupation, why non travel acquire a motorcycle and running places? Your household, and friends, can surprisingly besides lead to better emphasis direction and header. A research survey done by Warr A ; Payne in 1982 has concluded that a batch of things, one being that people who are accompanied by friends and/or household during difficult times expressed feelings of felicity while these events were taking topographic point. It should n’t take a scientific survey to demo that environing yourself with supportive household, friends and colleagues can hold a positive consequence on your mental well-being, but there ‘s plentifulness of research to corroborate it. Because people are societal existences, societal support seems to move as a buffer against the effects of emphasis ( Rathus, 2007 ) . There are five definitions of societal support: emotional concern, instrument assistance, information, assessment, and socialising ( Rathus, 2007 ) . Research shows that the construct of societal support does in fact aid people cope with emphasis and in bend reduces the hazard of wellness jobs that could be the consequence of emphasis on the organic structure ( Rathus, 2007 ) . The more societal support you have, the less emphasis will hold an chance to impact you in a negative manner ( Rathus, 2007 ) . Another manner to acquire around emphasis is to seek and do some alterations in your agenda. Make certa in you have a lunch period, and surely a free period to acquire some of your prep out of the manner. Try remaining in the library or even an empty schoolroom if you are allowed to after school. Sometimes you might hold better concentration if you work in a different topographic point. If you have tonss of big leagues, see dropping one. Travel down degrees in some of your categories or take easier 1s wholly. Take some of your nucleus categories during summer school to liberate up clip during the twelvemonth. Summer school categories are more set back and more merriment than you ‘d believe. Stress is inevitable, but unhealthy responses to it are non. When face with a stressor, such as a level tyre on your manner to school or work, how do you react? Is the level tyre a menace? â€Å"I ‘ll ne’er be able to repair this! This sucks! Or is it a challenge? â€Å"I can manage this. Let ‘s see, what are my options? Your assessment of the state of affairs is important. If you see the stressor as a menace, you ‘re more likely to panic and stop dead up, doing it more hard to work out your job. If, alternatively, you view the stressor as a challenge, your response will be focused, and you ‘re more likely to get the better of the obstruction ( Pinner, 2005 ) your perceptual experience of the stressor straight affects your emotional responses. The top jocks, the best instructors, and the most effectual leaders seem to boom when faced with what they perceive as a challenge. Optimism besides seems to offer some protection against the effects of emphasis. Compared with their pessimistic opposite numbers ( those with a negative attack to life ) , pupils identified as optimists have stronger immune systems and are less likely to go sick or fatigued during the last month of the semester ( Seligman, 1991 ) . Optimists besides recover more rapidly from bosom surgery than pessimists do, and, when stressed, they register lower blood force per unit area readings ( Segerstrom A ; others, 1998 ) so, what I ‘m seeking to state here is that a good mentality on the state of affairs would more than likely mean that you would be coming through, unharmed, out of any quandary in your adolescent life. Stress is a cosmopolitan bodily and psychological procedure that we all experience. Stress is non bias to merely the schoolroom, or at place but with this information and the techniques and life styles I have included, you may happen yourself closer to psychological Utopia than of all time before on the occupation, or off. How to cite Stress affects teenagers, Essay examples

Dsl Technologies Essay Research Paper DSL Digital free essay sample

Dsl Technologies Essay, Research Paper DSL ( Digital Subscriber Line or Digital Subscriber Loop. A engineering that enables high-velocity transmittal of digital informations over regular Cu telephone lines. DSL plants by utilizing more of the capacity of the phone line. Voice and traditional modems work by modulating a signal in a limited scope of frequences ( 1000s of rhythms ) ; broadband sends a digital signal over a broad frequence ( 1000000s of rhythms ) . The accelerated growing of content rich applications and online gambling, which demand high bandwidth, has changed the nature of information webs. High-speed communicating is now an ordinary demand throughout concern, authorities, academic, and place office environments. Internet entree, teleworking, and remote LAN entree are three of the clearly defined services that web entree suppliers are offering now. These quickly turning applications are puting a new degree of demand on the telephone substructure. In peculiar, the local cringle part of the web ( i. e. , the local connexion from the endorser to the local cardinal office ) has become a challenge for telephone companies. Historically, this local cringle installation has been provisioned with Cu telegraphing which can non easy back up high bandwidth transmittal. This environment is now being stressed by the demand for progressively higher bandwidth capacities. Although this substructure could be replaced by a monolithic rollout of fibre engineerings, the cost to make so would be indefensible in today # 8217 ; s concern theoretical accounts and, more significantly, the clip to carry through such a passage is unacceptable because the market demand exists today! Telephone companies are already faced with turning competition and unprecedented client demands a new class of companies, Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) , has emerged in this market as suppliers of informations services. Traditionally ISPs have used the telephone company substructure. However, thanks to deregulating, the y now have direct entree to the physical overseas telegram. xDSL has the ability to run into the client demand for high bandwidth right now, at costs that make sense. xDSL is a group of emerging Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) modem engineerings for back uping high-rate traffic transmittal over POTS lines. X bases for asymmetric in ADSL, rate adaptive in RADSL, high-speed in HDSL, and really high velocity in VDSL. xDSL delivers Broadband over Copper the best thing about xDSL engineerings is their ability to transport big sums of information across bing Cu telephone lines. This is possible because xDSL modems leverage signal processing techniques that insert and pull out more digital informations onto parallel lines. The key is transition, a procedure in which one signal modifies the belongings of another. ADSL Development and Deployment Progress Of all the emerging xDSL engineerings, ADSL is having the most attending because there is a criterion ( DMT ) for it, and its capablenesss provide NSPs with a competitory offering to overseas telegram modems. But there is increasing involvement in symmetrical xDSL offerings such as HDSL and SDSL. As a local entree service, ADSL # 8217 ; s execution has no critical drawbacks. It can be deployed as an sheathing web where there is subscriber demand, extinguishing the demand for NSPs to put on the line constructing out their substructure unnecessarily in the hope that the engineering will catch on. ADSL development and deployment is focused chiefly in North America, followed by northern Europe and the Pacific Rim. In North America, US West, GTE, Ameritech, SBC, BellSouth, and Edmonton Tel ( Canada ) are the service suppliers taking the current moving ridge of ADSL/xDSL deployment. Covad, Northpoint, and a smattering of other CLECs are come ining high-density metropolitan countries # 8212 ; typically offering a portfolio of xDSL offerings at different categories of service and monetary value points, and viing with incumbe nt local exchange bearers. Chicago-based InterAccess was the first ISP to offer ADSL. Telia ( Sweden ) , Telenor ( Norway ) , British Telecom ( UK ) , and Telfonica ( Spain ) are taking xDSL advocates in Europe. In the Pacific Rim, Telstra ( Australia ) , Hong Kong Telecom, and Singtel ( Singapore ) are deploying xDSL for informations and picture applications. ADSL modems have been tested successfully by more than 40 telephone companies, and near to 50,000 lines have been installed in assorted engineering tests and commercial deployments. Increasingly, alternate service suppliers such as endeavors, multi-tenant edifice proprietors, cordial reception concerns ( hotels and resorts ) , and office park developers are offering or sing offering ADSL to their users as private web operators. Applications In early 90 # 8217 ; s xDSL engineerings were tested by some of the regional Bell runing companies in the United States, every bit good as several European telephone companies. At that cli p, the drive applications behind xDSL were video on demand ( VOD ) and synergistic Television ( ITV ) . Those applications were seen as potentially explosive beginnings of gross growing for the residential market. In 1995, involvement shifted toward the on-line universe and more specifically the World Wide Web. The increasing demand for bandwidth with which to entree the Web is one of the primary applications at which xDSL engineerings are now targeted. However, xDSL engineerings are besides being looked at in concurrence with several other applications. These applications may bring forth a far greater gross watercourse in close hereafter compared to broadband Web entree for residential market. Listed below are merely a few illustrations of how xDSL engineering can be utilized: Internet/Intranet Access Intranet entree for organisations that are standardising on a Web based, client waiter theoretical account is one of primary xDSL applications. An organisation that has implemented an Intranet will necessitate higher bandwidth afforded by xDSL in order to associate their remote offices and telecommuters to the more demanding concern oriented applications running on their private Web waiters. LAN-to-LAN Connectivity xDSL engineerings have the possible to turn out far more effectual in low cost, high throughput, LAN to LAN connectivity than ISDN or traditional leased lines. Frame Relay Access Since xDSL operates at the physical bed, it could emerge as the most cost effectual method of transporting frame relay traffic from the service endorsers to the frame relay web. ATM Network Access As with frame relay the xDSL engineerings can besides be used to transport ATM cells to an ATM entree device, where they are statistically multiplexed over an ATM anchor. XDSL Types Digital Subscriber Line, or DSL, is basically another name for an ISDN-BRI channel operating at the Basic Rate Interface with two 64 kbps switched channels and one 16 kbps package shift and signaling cha nnel. This circuit can transport both voice and information in both waies at the same clip. xDSL refers to those assorted agreements in which advanced modulating techniques are imposed onto the local channel in order to deduce higher throughput in one or both waies. The assorted types of xDSL are described in the undermentioned paragraphs. HDSL High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line ( HDSL ) derives its name from the high bandwidth that is transmitted in both waies over two Cu cringles. HDSL has proven to be a dependable and cost effectual agencies for supplying repeater-less T1 and E1 services over two distorted brace cringles. This proved engineering has already resulted in the deployment of over 300,000 HDSL equipped circuits throughout the local entree substructure. HDSL transceivers can reliably convey a 2.048 Mbps informations signal over two non-loaded, 24 gage ( 0.5mm ) , innate twisted wire brace loops at a distance of up to 13 kft ( 4.2 kilometer ) without the demand for re peaters. Extinguishing the demand for repeater equipment and remotion of bridged lights-outs significantly simplifies the labour and technology attempt to proviso the service. This property eliminates the demand to place, modify, and verify a controlled environment, with power, secured entree, and other factors needed to back up repeater equipment. It besides reduces the clip, cost, and attempt of insulating mistakes and taking disciplinary action when a failure does happen. Surveies by some service suppliers have indicated that problem shot and replacing faulty repeater equipment frequently costs significantly more than the cost of the equipment itself. These properties translate into increased web up clip and decreased technology clip ; doing possible T1 provisioning in a affair of yearss, as opposed to hebdomads. Faster service provisioning and greater up clip leads to increased client satisfaction and increased service grosss. To proviso a 12 kft ( 3.6 kilometer ) local cringle with traditional T1 transmittal equipment requires two transceivers and two repeaters. To proviso the same cringle with HDSL, requires merely two HDSL transceivers, one at each terminal of a line. S-HDSL/SDSL Single-pair or Symmetrical High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line ( S-HDSL/SDSL ) operate on a individual Cu brace as opposed to the traditional two brace HDSL described above. S-HDSL/SDSL allows easy execution of applications that require symmetric informations rates on a individual local cringle while keeping the bing POTS on the same cringle. Because merely one brace is needed in this agreement, the capacity of the full local cringle substructure is greatly magnified. With this capableness, local suppliers can pull out the maximal value from their existing works, or deploy new capacities both more rapidly and at a lower capital outgo. This allows for rapid and cost effectual deployment of intermediate informations rate services. Potential utilizations for this engineering inc lude fractional T1 with a peculiar advantage in 768 kbps systems, Home Office, LAN Access, Distance Learning, Internet Access, and Campus or Large Facility LAN to LAN connectivity. Since S-HDSL/SDSL can be implemented with and without POTS and at multiple informations rates, it can hold different capacity and range restrictions. This allows for easy, cost effectual execution of such services as distant cell site support of Personal computers, remote LAN entree, distance instruction and preparation, digital imagination, or any other service which requires a larger sum of bandwidth. ADSL Probably the most common xDSL type is Asymmetric Digital Subscriber, which takes its name from the relatively high bandwidth in one way, with low bandwidth in the opposite way. ADSL uses a individual phone line for transmittal. Many service suppliers have besides come to acknowledge its potency to back up a scope of information applications. Additionally, ADSL # 8217 ; s ability to run at velocities of up to 6 Mbps places it to back up existent clip broadcast services and pre-recorded synergistic picture services ; and to hold multiple picture and information activities underway at the same time. ADSL supports applications with asymmetric traffic demands such as: ? Web Surfing, ? File Downloads, ? Distance Learning. RADSL Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line ( RADSL ) is a simple extension of ADSL used to embrace and back up a broad assortment of informations rates depending on the line # 8217 ; s transmittal features. This is advantageous in state of affairss in which there is a lower bandwidth demand and in state of affairss in which the line quality is less than needed for full bandwidth executions. VDSL Very High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line ( VDSL ) provides really high bandwidth unsymmetrically ( up to 52 Mbps in one way and 2 Mbps in the other ) to concerns and abodes with broadband entree demands over a Fiber-To-The-Curb ( FTTC ) web. Within the FTTC architecture, VDSL will turn to the last subdivision of Cu cabling to the endorser premises. Typical distance and execution of VDSL is 1 kilometer @ 26 Mbps. Unfortunately, this type of xDSL is non really common because of deficiency of FTTC webs available today. xDS L Technology ( how it works ) XDSL signals are designed to maximise the rate of transmittal of digital signals through non loaded distorted braces, doing usage of bandwidths that can be greater than 1MHz, much greater than the 3000Hz or so allocated for voice transmittal. There are several types of xDSL signal in commercial usage today. Each signal type is implemented in circuitry with attach toing package, called a transceiver. The transceiver design includes the encryption or transition strategy along with decryption or demodulation applied to change over consecutive binary informations watercourses into a signifier suitable for transmittal through distorted wire braces. The transceivers may besides use assorted signal processing, equalisation, elaboration, and determining techniques to accommodate transmittal for physical fading and stage deformations experienced by signals transmitted through distorted wire braces. The transceiver package and circuitry may besides utilize coding techniques to observe and rectify noise that is present on a distorted wire brace. A assortment of signal processing techniques have been developed over the past10 old ages to increase the spot rate of digital transmittal through telephone cringle twisted braces. The undermentioned subdivisions will depict these engineerings. 2B1Q The DSL acronym was foremost used as stenography to mention to the line codification designed to back up basic rate integrated services digital web ( ISDN ) transmittal through distorted wire brace cringles. The ISDN basic rate signal is required to transport an information warhead of 144kbps, dwelling of two â€Å"B† channels of 64kbps each and one package informations or â€Å"D† channel of 16kbps added for framing, mistake sensing, and other overhead maps. The ISDN line of â€Å"U† interface operates at a natural information rate of 160kbps. In the mid 1980’s the T1 commission in the United States created a standard U interfa ce utilizing a four-level line codification referred to as 2B1Q for two binary spots per symbol carried by a quaternate symbol design. 2B1Q line codification was designed to back up ISDN transmittal through cringles of 18000ft or less, meeting electromotive force pulsations of +/- 875V and +/- 2.625V. The symbol rate is 80000 baud and the energy spectrum used by ISDN extremums at 40000Hz. The ISDN signal is transmitted in full semidetached house manner, bi-directional on the same brace of wires. In order to carry through this, transceivers must incorporate a intercrossed map to divide the two waies of transmittal. To assist the receiving system differentiate between far-end transmittal and contemplations of near-end transmittal from abnormalities in the distorted brace transmittal line due to wire gage alterations and bridged lights-outs, echo cancellation techniques are used. The scope of operation of ISDN is dictated by both fading and self near-end cross talk ( NEXT ) from next 2 B1Q ISDN signals. The 2B1Q line codification is sometimes referred to as a base set signal because it uses energy in frequences down to zero, overlapping with the voice frequence set. In order to transport voice through a DSL, the voice signal is digitized utilizing PCM techniques and carried in one of the B channels. In ISDN applications the D channel is reserved for informations packages that are chiefly used for call processing. In transporting coincident voice and data the ISDN basic rate line carries a upper limit of 64kbps of informations. In the absence of voice, both B channels may be bonded together to increase the informations capacity to 128kbps. Both terminals of an ISDN connexion must utilize the same bonding protocol. ISDN connexions are made by dialed entree though a local digital switch that besides terminates voice lines. QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ( QAM ) utilizes amplitude and phase transition to convey multiple spots per baud. Unmodulated signal exhibits merely two possible provinces leting us merely to convey a nothing or a one. With QAM, it is possible to convey many more spots per province, as there are many more provinces. This strategy utilizes a signal that can be synthesized by summing amplitude modulated cosine and sine moving ridges. These two constituents, being 90 deg out of stage, are called quadrature, therefore the name Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. By uniting amplitude and stage transition of a bearer signal, we can increase the figure of provinces and thereby convey more spots per every province alteration. CAP Carrierless amplitude and stage ( CAP ) transition technique is closely related to QAM in that amplitude and stage are used to stand for the binary signal. The difference between CAP and QAM lies in the province representation of the configuration form. CAP does non utilize a bearer signal to stand for the stage and amplitude alterations. Rather, two wave forms are used to encode the spots. The encoder rep laces a watercourse of digital informations with a complex equation that symbolizes a point on the configuration diagram. Therefore, for a 32-CAP, there would be 32 possible locations on the diagram, all of which can be represented as a vector consisting of existent and fanciful co-ordinates. Consequently, 32-CAP would ensue in 32 distinguishable equations of the type, each one stand foring five spots of informations. CAP transition is really suited for usage with ADSL. DMT The spectrum from 0 to 4 kilohertzs, voice set, is designated for field old telephone services ( POTS ) . Downstream ( ATU-C to ATU-R ) , the spectrum from 26 kilohertzs to 1.1 MHz is farther divided into 249 distinct channels. Upstream ( ATU-R to ATU-C ) , the spectrum above the POTS set consists of 25 channels between 26 kilohertzs and 138 kilohertz. Echo call offing between the downstream and upstream signals licenses reuse of these sub-channels. With the exclusion of bearers used for timing, each bearer is ca pable of transporting informations. However, merely those bearers with sufficient signal to resound ratio ( SNR ) are allocated warhead for transmittal. Each conveying bearer is allotted a spot count and transmits power, based on the features of the sub-channel. This consequences in an optimized informations transportation rate for the current line conditions. DMT allocates spots and transmittal power off from the induced noise. The advantages of this procedure are an optimized information rate and less intervention with other services bing in the same sheath, due to the symmetrical nature of induced XT. The DMT technique exhibits a high grade of spectral compatibility based on power spectral denseness, instead than absolute transmit power. DMT has a significant advantage over individual bearer transition systems in the presence of impulse noise. DMT spreads urges over a big figure of spots, averaging extremums. Merely if the mean exceeds the border does DMT bring forth an mistake à ¢â‚¬â€ individual bearer systems will error every clip a peak exceeds the border. DWMT Discrete ripple multitone ( DWMT ) engineering increases the useable capacity of telephone wires and coaxal overseas telegram, leting telephone companies and overseas telegram operators to present bipartisan broadband telecommunications services over their existing webs. DWMT uses Multicarrier Modulation. A multicarrier system uses a transmittal set expeditiously by spliting it into 100s of bomber channels that are wholly independent and spectrally stray. In pattern, executions of multicarrier systems use extraneous digital transmutations on blocks of informations, a procedure called subchannelization, in an effort to accomplish the frequence partitioning shown in the figure below. By maintaining the signal bomber channel power contained in a narrow bandwidth, each bomber channel occupies merely a little fraction of the entire transmittal set and overlaps merely with instantly next bomber channel s. When a signal is transmitted over a long Cu cringle ( e.g. several stat mis ) , the higher frequence constituents of the signal attenuate significantly more ( 10s of dubnium ) than the lower frequence constituents. Narrowband interferers from AM or recreational wireless signals besides affect the transmittal by destructing the signal in parts of the set. Multicarrier engineering, called Discrete Wavelet Multitone ( DWMT ) , provides sub channel isolation that is superior to DMT. DWMT uses an advanced digital ripple transform alternatively of the Fourier transform used in DMT. Echo Cancellation The T1.413 criterion for ADSL defines two classs of modems: frequence division multiplex ( FDM ) modems ( Category I ) and echo cancellation modems ( Category II ) . FDM systems allocate separate frequence sets for upstream and downstream transmittals. Echo canceled systems send upstream and downstream signal over the same frequences. Since the fading of a signal over a Cu line additions wi th frequence, it is desirable to convey informations utilizing a frequence set that is every bit low as possible. In an ADSL system, the lowest attenuated frequences begin right after the POTS set. In FDM system, the lower frequence set is used for upstream transmittal while the downstream transmittals are allocated to the higher attenuated frequences. Some xDSL transceivers use echo cancellation ( similar to the echo cancellation utilized in the standard V.34 28.8kbps duplex modem ) to work the lower attenuated frequences and increase its downstream public presentation. By using the lower frequences for both upstream and downstream public presentation, the transceiver can present higher downstream public presentation, peculiarly on the longer loops where the higher frequences become badly attenuated. In an attempt to advance interoperability between FDM and EC systems, the echo-canceled transceivers can be configured to run in an FDM manner in order to pass on with a class I ( FDM ) modem. Conclusion the distorted brace wires between the telephone cardinal office and terminal users of telecommunication services has a great trade more information capacity than used for the regular voice services. Several base set and base on balls set transmittal systems jointly referred to as xDSL, have been developed over the last 10 old ages that enable up to several Mbits per second of informations to be carried over the regular telephone twisted pair line. The xDSL household of engineerings provides a broad assortment of line driving strategies to carry through and fulfill different market needs over today’s substructure. xDSL has application in both the corporate and residential environments every bit good as flexibleness to run into the market challenges. Since xDSL operates at the physical bed of OSI seven beds standard, it can be used in concurrence with ATM and Frame Relay engineering. The most promising of the xDSL engineerings for incorporate Internet entree , intranet entree, remote LAN entree, video-on-demand, and lifeline POTS applications in the close term is ADSL or R-ADSL ( a rate-adaptive version of ADSL ) . During the past twelvemonth, ADSL has concluded tests by more than 40 web service suppliers throughout the universe, chiefly in North America and northern Europe. Service debut began in 1997, but ADSL service is still being rolled out in many countries. In the interim, xDSL engineerings and criterions will go on to germinate, as will user demand for these emerging services relative to other local entree service options. The ability to use the bing telephone Cu wire substructure every bit good as interoperability with ATM and Frame Relay engineering, place xDSL as the most promising of the broadband entree engineering options for both residential and concern users. 1. Marlis Humphrey and John Freeman, # 8220 ; How XDSL Supports Broadband Services to the Home # 8221 ; , IEEE Network. , vol. 11, no. 1, Jan-Feb 1997, p. 14-23. 2. George T. Hawley, # 8220 ; Systems Considerations for the usage of XDSL Technology for Data Access # 8221 ; , IEEE Communication, vol. 35, no. 3, Mar 1997, p. 56-60. 3. Bhumip Khasnabish, # 8220 ; Broadband to the Home ( BTTH ) : Architectures, Access Methods, and the Appetite for it # 8221 ; , IEEE Communication, vol. 35, no. 3, Mar 1997, p. 58-69 4. ADSL Forum web site, www.adsl.com 5. Analog Devices web site, www.analog.com 6. Kimo web site, www.kimo.com 7. Westell website, www.westell.com 8. www.encyclopediatech.com.

Marketing Management The Body Shop Essay Example

Marketing Management: The Body Shop Paper The fierce competition at any business has driven entrepreneurs to find out new ideas that will be salable in the market. The situation suggests that suitable marketing approach will be a killing application that would win customers’ hearts. Usually, a product that attracts customers’ attention is the one that unique and different from the rest in the same market. This condition put the product to have perceived value by customers, which further awards the product with better deal. At cosmetics and beauty care industry, the competition is much more intense as companies are racing towards the development of the so-called ‘natural’ products, highlighting the use of natural ingredients. This development of using natural ingredients often used as the marketing jargon to stress the suitability to any kind of skin and free or less side effect to human body. Another challenge that a beauty-care company face is regarding the pricing scheme where it influences the branding campaign that position the products to be perceived high or low in term of values. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management: The Body Shop specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management: The Body Shop specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management: The Body Shop specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Regarding the product development, customization also becomes one feature that is stressed as important factor. In terms of skin types, for example, cosmetics vendors develop different kind of products for people in tropical region, sub-tropical etcetera. Moreover, the pricing scheme also comes in many forms in which branded products like Shiseido, Lancome, and Christian Dior are positioned as expensive products. Meanwhile, The Body Shop is considered as a company that produce high quality product at affordable price, as set up by the founder, Dame Anita Roddick Concerning the challenge of marketing cosmetics product, this paper will elaborate the marketing approach that The Body Shop design to position themselves as a leading beauty care company in the world. The Body Shop is a UK-based company that is well-known for their expertise in manufacturer and retailer of natural skin-care and cosmetics products. 2. Corporate Background: The Body Shop The Body Shop International plc is a well-known brand in beauty care or cosmetics industry since the company stick to their string commitment or philosophy of developing and producing the natural and ethical beauty care and cosmetics product. The Body Shop was established in 1976 in UK by Dame Anita Roddick although some analysts see that the copy of The Body Shop brands from local entrepreneur in California, USA (The Body Shop International plc, 2008a). Currently, after the 30-year journey as well-known cosmetic product, The Body Shop already expands their services and retail shops in more than 55 countries with over 2,100 stores. Currently, while keep developing products continuously, the Body Shop already has more than 1,200 kind of natural-ingredient products (The Body Shop International plc, 2008a; Pirkayastha and Fernando, 2008). One competitive advantage that the Body Shop has is the awards that the company receives for their commitment of developing cosmetic products without conducting test on animals. The company becomes the first company that awarded the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy. Furthermore, The Body Shop’s philosophy also underlying their action to conduct a Community Trade, their fair trade program, resulting in the company’s complete strategy to trade fairly. To date, The Body Shop already conducts community trade programs with 31 suppliers that spanned in 24 countries, which represent more than 15,000 people across the globe (The Body Shop International plc, 2008a; Pirkayastha and Fernando, 2008). One aspect in determining the competitive position is the capability of a company to deal with issues in respective industry in appropriate manner. In attracting the consumers, especially women, a cosmetic and beauty care-producing company usually develops many kinds of product since there are many skin types, each has to be treated in different manner and thus need particular mix of ingredients as well. Since the development may involve the testing, branding/campaign, and regulation compliance; therefore the three components become three issues in the cosmetic industry. †¢ Internet marketing The use of internet as media for product campaign is rising significantly within the last decade. According to a few reports, internet is considered to increase efficiency and product sales for cosmetic companies since the media offer the ability to develop new channel alternative, complementing the existence of retail shops that located in several locations. Amazon. com, for instances, firstly grows from selling book, but turns out today to sell various kinds of cosmetics in their online stores. Interestingly, it is found that the growing internet users have award several cosmetic with raising number of online purchase. In compliance with the internet marketing, The Body Shop also offers special price for customers who bought via their online stores (http://www. thebodyshop-usa. com/bodyshop/). Figure 2 shows the home page of the Body Shop official online store. Source: http://www. thebodyshop-usa. com/bodyshop/ †¢ Corporate Responsibility Issues (CSR) Another issue that influences the marketing of cosmetic products is about the propaganda in which many companies involve in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) that found to produce real influence on the cosmetic industry. In addition, such CSR initiative is also driven by government control over the distribution of cosmetic product to comply with specific country’s requirement. In the U. S. , FDA (Food and Drug Administration) become the regulator that monitor the safety standards of cosmetics products in the market (Health Reports Co. UK, 2005). †¢ Animal testing Animal testing also considered as vital issues in cosmetic industry since the rising concerns of public about the humanity has brought significant influence towards the use of animal testing in the development of cosmetic products. F or example, in European Union, where the Body Shop located, announces its decision to ban animal testing on cosmetics products, which immediately raise pros and contras. This regional policy follows the previous policy made in several European countries including the Austria, Netherlands, and Britain in which they have already banned animal testing which means that several cosmetic products are receiving tight supervision on their research and production facilities (The Humane Society, 2005) 3. 2 Branding The branding factor also highlights The Body Shop strategy in strengthen their awareness by incorporating their philosophy of natural ingredient products. The company’s brand of becoming the cosmetics manufacturer that only use natural ingredients products is strong since it provides customers with an image that The Body Shop develops and sells safe cosmetics, which in line with customers’ concerns of having safety. This is inline with the customers’ preferences, especially women that wants a secure feeling when using cosmetics. The demands are translated into The Body Shop program to use the highest quality natural ingredients. In addition, the company sticks to five values; they are Protect the Planet, Support Community Trade, Against Animal Testing, Defend Human Rights, and Activate Self Esteem (The Body Shop International plc, 2008). Reference: Health Reports Co. UK. (2005). Cosmetic Industry on Notice. (2005). Retrieved March 5, 2009 form http://www. health-reports. co. uk/content/view/52/2 Perner, Lars. n. d. â€Å"Consumer Behavior and Marketing†. Consumer Psychologist Newsletter. San Diego University. Retrieved March 5, 2009 from http://www. consumerpsychologist. com/#Strategy Pirkayastha, Debaprati and Fernando, Rajiv. (2008). Body Shop Brand: Repositioning to Target the ‘Masstige’ Segment and Impacts of its Acquisition by L’Oreal. Icfai Center for Management Research The Body Shop International plc. (2008a). About Us. Retrieved March 5, 2009 from http://www. thebodyshop. com/bodyshop/company/index. jsp;jsessionid=ERFaLulEQWzSEOutEFWERw**. bsbwilapp03-bsprd-app-102? cm_re=themeB-_-Footer-_-About_Us . (2008b). Support Community Trade. Retrieved March 5, 2009 from http://www. thebodyshop. com/bodyshop/values/support_community_trade. jsp The Humane Society. (2005). French Government Challenges EU Cosmetic Directive. Retrieved March 5, 2009 from http://www. hsus. org/animals_in_research/animals_in_research_news/french_government_challenges_eu_cosmetics_directive. html

Book report of Godfather Essay Example

Book report of Godfather Essay Example Book report of Godfather Essay Book report of Godfather Essay Essay Topic: The Godfather The most important role not only in the family, but also in the whole book is Vito Coralline, known as the Godfather, the chief of his family. Vito was born in Sicily, Italy. He led a normal and peaceful life with his parents until his father was murdered. As the result, Vito had to escape to the America alone at 12 years old, and lived in a slum, which was called New Works hells kitchen and worked in a grocery store. He should have had such a simple and normal life with his wife, but a man ruined it and changed his life totally. It was Finance who often bullied others and asked for money from the neighborhood. Vito Coralline had no choice but to kill Finance when he came down on Vito for money that Vito had risked his life to get. Therefore, Coralline earned respects and some money by protecting his friends there. Then, he went into the olive oil importing business and made his first fortune. When the ban on alcohol came to pass in 1920, he turned to smuggle wine in from Canada. Then, not the ordinary businessman any longer, Vito gradually became to a great Don in the world of criminal enterprise. However, his wealth was not the reason why he could receive so many respects and worship from others. Vito was kind and onerous to those who really needed help. On the other hand, he was also determined and manful to his enemy. He made good relationship with important men in business, entertaining business and politics. By the end of the Prohibition periods and the start of the Great Depression, Vito Coralline had been called as Don, Don Coralline, and respected as the Godfather. Don had three sons-Sonny, Fred and Michael. Michael was the only one who had no interest in family business. He entered a university and later Joined the army during World War II. He also had a lovely girl friend and planned to merry on Christmas. Although he hoped to keep a distance with his powerful family, it was his fate that guided him to find the most appropriate position for him years later. The Don also had an adopted sonTom Harden. Tom was an American man; he was a lawyer and later worked for the Don as a counselor. The story began in the Dons daughtersconces wedding in the August 1945. Many people, poor and rich, humble and dignified, all came up to show their loyalty and also with the requirements, because they knew that by tradition no Sicilian can refuse a request on his daughters wedding. Johnny Fortunate, Dons godson was one of them. Johnny was a pop singer but unfortunately he had got something wrong with his throat, so he wanted to turn to be an actor. However, Johnny was hated by his boss Wool and was refused to take the leading role in a suggestion Harden made directly. He knew Dons power, but he did not take it so serious. Soon, Don gave him a great threat which made Wool had to give up. As the result, Johnny got the role, which contributed him to win an Oscar Academy Award. So we could see in others eyes, Don Coralline was the almighty God: they showed their respects to the Don, and the Don would give them help in return. Several weeks later, a crude drug smuggler Virgil Zoology visited the Don for cooperation. Having seen the hefty risk in drug smuggling, the Don refused him. Then Solomon ganged up with Digital Family, another strong underground Italian family in New York. It was also the rival of Coralline Family. They planned to shoot the Don down. The Don got several bullets but miraculously survived. So they planned another murder. However, the second murder was defeated by Michaels wisdom. With these failures, Zoology had to call for a peaceful negotiation. On the Cortisones part, everybody hated Zoology and all wanted to kill him immediately. But smart Zlotys chose Michael to meet, the only one who was pure and harmless apparently. At that time, Michael had made up his mind to kill the tricky and crude man. With this chance, Michael fired Zoology dead. Also for this crime, Michael had to be sent to Sicily, where he hided for two years. Back to New York, the disaster continued. Sconces husband Carlo hated Sconces family because they left him out of the familys business. So one of those rival-families, mixed up with Carlo to kill Sonny. The Don had to take charge of the family again with his bad health. He extended his business on the west coast and prepared to revenge. Meanwhile, the Don arranged to get Michael back home. Over one year later, Michael came back to New York. In that period of time, Michael got the chance to know what of a person his father was. He understood the Don and realized his responsibility to his family. So Michael began to take over the family. Besides the investment in the West, they endeavored to set more new relationship in the political world; they secretly trained the qualified killers working for them. Seemed that everything was Just about ready, fate played a Joke to Michael again: the Don died from heart attack suddenly. The other five biggest underground families all thought it was a chance to do the clean work on Coralline Family. None of them realized Coralline Family had strengthened a lot more by the past a few years. It was time the Crossness bounced up and became the leading role in the underground world again. So Michael really did something, he and his guardsmen killed most of the other families leaders overnight. With this fight, Michael restored Coralline Familys power in New York, and for himself, he earned reputation. He replaced his father as the Don, Don Michael Coralline. He became the powerful umbrella, the almighty god as his father. Michael was honored as Godfather as well. That was the end part of the book. Michael was always with loyalty, intelligence and courage as his father Vito Coralline. Those men showed their good characters to the readers. God Father was a script of underground world in New York. Although the novel contained blood, crime and violence, the attractive and vivid plots fulfilled peoples curiosity to that strange world. And that maybe the reason why God Father could become one of the most popular book in the world.

Gay marraige Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay marraige - Essay Example The first reason which will be presented with regards to the issue of gay marriage and the need of it to be legalized throughout the United States is with respect to the fact that key humanitarian and democratic ideals demand that such a course of action should be pursued with all available haste. The fact of the matter is that the Declaration of Independence states that â€Å"All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.† Within such an understanding, it is unconscionable that anyone within this society should be denied any or all reasonable means of achieving such a level of parity that so many other members of society have so long enjoyed. In such a manner, the fight for homosexual rights and the right for homosexual marriage falls right alongside the means by which the nation sought to provide civil rights to its previously disenfranchised population of Af rican American individuals. Constricting the rights and privileges of a certain group merely because they do not represent the majority is wholly and entirely un-American and cannot be understood to be beneficial to the state of democracy and civil liberties. However, the legal aspects alone of this particular issue only represent a very small fraction of the concerns and issues that can be raised with regards to homosexual marriage and the means by which it is represented within the United States currently. From an ethical standpoint, regardless of what the Constitution, Delcaration of Independence, or key laws concerning civil rights and civil liberties claim, it is wholly and entirely unethical to deny a given subset of individuals the same rights that so many others within society enjoy. Furthermore, a society that prides itself on being a liberal democracy must take strides to ensure that the rights of all members are upheld; regardless of race, age, sexual orientation, or cree d. Yet, regardless of such an understanding and reality, there remains a vocal group of opponents to homosexual marriage that continue to derail any hope that such a reality will soon come to be included in the marriage system within the United States. Yet, rather than realizing that there remains such a vocal group of opposition to homosexual rights and homosexual marriage, it is necessary for the stakeholders within society, and even the listeners of this speech, to seek to continually promote the individual rights and liberties of each and every member of society; whether or not such a view conforms to one’s own worldview. Such a stance and/or interpretation may be seen as abonding principles; however, the championing of personal and individual rights is far greater than any personal qualms or misgivings with regards to gay marriage due to the fact that as long as one seeks to promote the rights of humanity and the ciivl rights and liberties of fellow citizens, these are f undamental concepts of law and society that will positively impact upon each and every individual – regardless of race, age, gender, creed, or sexual orientation. Finally, returning the facts concerning homosexual marriage, it must be understood that legalizing homosexual marriage provides an overall positive benefit to society due to the fact t

FDI attraction in Chile Affected by the Country's Socio-Economical Essay

FDI attraction in Chile Affected by the Country's Socio-Economical Inequality - Essay Example In 2006, the nominal GDP per capita of Chile was recorded as the highest in Latin America. The country however is undergoing a lot of economic inequality (Trading Economics, 2013b). The socio economic inequality is the gap between the rich and the poor. The income difference of a group of individuals, society or the residents of a country is called the socio economic inequality. The economic inequality varies by the economic structures of the countries (Mankiw, 2009). According to several economists the inequality of the distribution of wealth is very essential. This improves competition and increases the efficiency of the individuals. The wealthier individuals tend to save more and spend more which helps the economy in growing. Inequality amongst the individual also increase the social and health related problems of the individuals. The economic growth of a society is also affected (Froyen, 2009) The social inequality has a direct impact on the social cohesion of the individuals, th e population’s productivity and crime rate of the society, cultural and civic participation and economic welfare as a whole (Wessels, 2000). The analysts such as Martinez (2011) are of the view that high growth rate is no excuse for the economic inequality. According to a recent report about three million Chileans are very poor. About 500,000 of the people of the Chilean population are those who are extremely poor. The economic model of Chile and the progressive growth which the economy has shown with time is sufficiently appraisable but still the growing inequality in Chile has caught attention of various economic analysts. Chile is categorised amongst a few countries which have a worst income distribution system. The percentage of the poor population is very high in the economy (OCED, 2002a). According to OECD (2002b), Chile is a nation of population of more than 17 million people. It comes under the category of developed countries and has the worst income distribution syst em amongst those countries. Several economists are of the view that the economic system of Chile would not improve by the economic growth. To improve the economy’s income distribution the government would have to take decisions to redistribute the wealth of the individuals by placing higher taxes. Another economist was of the view that Chile must focus on economic growth and nothing else. The increase in the level of the per capita income of the individuals will surely increase the well being of the individuals. The person who is a resident of Chile and lives on less than $64,134 pesos (US$135) per month is considered to be poor. But a person who lives on less than $32,067 pesos (US$67) monthly is considered to be destitute, according to the official data (Martinez, 2011). A few of the economists are of the view that creating opportunities is a part of the economic growth. Those who are utilising that opportunity are competent. For the incompetency of the rest of the individu als it is unfair to impose taxes and burden those individuals who prove themselves and are the contributing factors fro the economy. ETHICAL FAMILY INCOME TO IMPROVE SOCIETY Felipe Kast, minister of planning for Chile called the ranking by the OECD (2002b) report â€Å"shameful for its levels of inequality.† He added that Chile has plans set in line to take the people out from extreme poverty. The government plans a program of IEF – Ethical Family Income which will use a series of bonds and cash incentives for the children

European financial market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

European financial market - Essay Example In business parlance, pooling is the grouping credit transactions like bank loans( Brigham, 1985). An example is when loans and other long term liabilities with the same characteristics are pooled successfully into a new stock. Other examples of pooling applying for cash loans(Weston, 1993) with property, plant and equipment are used as collateral loan received is used to invest in several stocks and bonds. The company can also enter into a bond agreement where the bank intermediaries will give a $200,000 loan where the house and lot and another factory equipment will be pooled together to be used as collateral to put buy stocks in the stock exchange. Funds includes all available money, including cash and checks deposited in banks and cash on hand. Funds also include mutual funds(Gartner,1997) where money is invested in many stocks and bonds and not lumped on one stock or bond alone. Pension fund is one fund pooling where the employees contribute a small amount of money to a fund so that when such employee retires, he or she will be able to receive a pension benefit upon his or her retirement. Pension fund could be availed of upon retirement either by lump sum method or monthly method. The factors that affect the success(Thompson, 1999) or failure of a pension fund is based on the tables below. The Life expectancy table shows , in 2002, that in the United Kingdom women will generally live until the ripe old age of 80 years old as compared to only 73.7 years old in 1960. The men, meanwhile, will live up to the ripe age of 75.2 which is an increase from the 67.0 years old age in the year 1960. The elderly will increase to 47 percent in the year 2040 in the United Kingdom as compared to only 32 percent in the year 2020. The table below also shows that pension assets divided by Gross Domestic Product is 91 which lower than the amount accorded to Switzerland and Swed en. The pension assets of United Kingdom pension assets will reach US $1,403,000.000. The real returns divided by risk for United kingdom pension fund is 5.9 and its 50-50 bond equity is 4.4 while the pension plan's global portfolio 67.5 and lastly, The real average earnings of United Kingdom is 2.8. One popular pooling of fund transaction is to exchange cash on and cash in banks and to invest these funds in the stock market. The company then generates income both ways. The first way is to earn dividends that the invested company declares. The second way to gain income is to sell the stocks at a market price that at a much higher than the price when the company bought the stocks. THREE OTHER FUNCTIONS OF FINANCIAL SYSTEM Financial System (UK) . This is defined as the information system(Obrien,1992) shows us all MONEY transactions using applications such as word, excel, quickbooks, MYOB accounting software and many others for the gathering of business related data such as official receipts received from suppliers for purchases paid or officials receipts issued for items sold. Electricity, water and telephone bills are also documents evidencing data to be inputted in the

Business Plan For Sandton Fitness Centre Marketing Essay

Business Plan For Sandton Fitness Centre Marketing Essay Sandton fitness centre and beauty spa is a new gym that is for everyone (male and female) that creates a comfortable environment for everyone to pursue their fitness goals. It is situation in Sandton at Johannesburg. Sandton fitness centre and beauty spa have the most satisfactory/best equipment, best personal trainers, dietician, special classes and psychologists. Sandton fitness centre and beauty spa is located in the urban where people have a very active life and very little time to spend on fitness and healthy life. Heart disease and obesity are on record high causing increase in health club demand. Low income market segment is ignored by key competitors in the market Club memberships in South Africa have increased every year since 1994 and a strong market makes a strong business. We are a solid investment because start-up sports gyms on average take in 1,000 new members per year. This will allow our business to break even in less than five years. Our club, Sandton Fitness Center will offer its members quality services and benefits that no other club can offer. We want to take investments and use them wisely in order to create a sports facility that pleases customers. In sports clubs, the top five most profitable programs/services are personal training, massage therapy, food/beverages, an aquatics program, and a tennis program. Our gym will provide all of these services and thus increase our productivity. We will build a large complex that will include a pool, personal training facilities, basketball courts, a day spa, tennis courts, and many other features to attract clientele. In Sandton were our fitness center will be situated has 20 to 64 year old population. This means not only that our clientele pools is large but that these people are experienced and have attained the socioeconomic status that will be needed in order to attain and maintain our service. In conclusion, our profitable new gym will be a coordinated effort among four aspiring entrepreneurs to create the ultimate in sports and leisure fitness. Company Description Sandton Fitness Centre and Beauty Spa are focused on teenagers (13+), young adults and adults. Sandton Fitness Centre has its different programs for different age groups. Sandton Fitness Centre is 55,000 square feet. It is located in 1560 Grayston Street, in Sandton. Sandton Fitness Centre and Beauty spa also have a childcare centre, where they look after children while their parents are busy with their workouts. The childcare centre can currently care for 40 children but only 10 infants. Sandton Beauty Spa is a new destination offering customers the combination of full body massage, waxing, body treatments, facials, manicures, pedicures, anti- aging treatments and lasers. Company history Fitness Centre and Beauty spa was created on 14 February 2007, to provide busy and working people with a fitness centre and a beauty spa. Fit centre and a beauty spa all combined surprised and made people excited. Fitness centre is privately financed by businessman and investors. More than 80,000 was invested into the company. The money covered equipments, advertising campaigns, flyers, posters, advertising an internet and to create a domain name. the company struggled for long, most people preferred the gym not the beauty spa, because they were complaining and worried about the costs. So the centre had to lower them a little bit. Sales were also less. So Fitness centre decided to make specials every after two months and on special occasions like Valentines Day and birthdays, but only on the beauty spas side. The gym price remains the same. At the end things got better. Mission statements Create members workout environment that promoters confidence in our clients. Fitness centre and beauty spa provides our members with beauty treatment at a fair price and competitive price, while providing with the high level of customers service and satisfaction. Our business is focused on everyone most especially celebrities who care a lot about fitness and looking good. Product and Services Fitness Centre and Beauty Spa Services are the following: Fitness centre has a professional personal trainer who will assist everyone in the gym. Our personal trainers assist you with a exercise program. Fitness Centre also has a qualified dietician who will help each member on his/her best and healthy food to eat. Inside the gym there are paramedics who are there to help people if may be a member gets injured or collapses, or any other sickness, they are there full time. Fitness Centre has also hired a qualified psychologist, who will help with lots of stress and encouraging them for a way forward to live a healthy life. Beauty Spa Services Full body massage Waxing Manicure Pedicure Anti ageing treatments Facials Lasers Offer creams and beauty product on sale Industry analysis Size The health and fitness market is very large and still growing more and more because of the health revolution people have become more health conscious in an effort to preserve and prolong their lives due to the fast pace living style of today. The fitness and health industry is a 40 billion dollar that is fast paced and innovative and highly competitive. In South Africa the market is not matured yet it is still in its infancy at the moment. Growth The international health and fitness industry has grown approximately 12% for the past decade with the exception with 2009 it decreased 3 % due to the slow down of consumer spending because of the global credit crisis. Locally the health and fitness industry has also grown especially because of the performance of one the leaders of the local health and fitness industry Planet fitness was voted the best performing companies of 2010 despite the slow down of the economy. Sales projection The over all industry is expected to only grow 10% because of the high unemployment and poor consumer spending meaning that people are reluctant to spend their money spending only on absolute necessities. Industry structure The South African health and fitness industry is dominated by a handful of large firms being Virgin Active, Planet fitness and Smart Gym. However these large health and fitness service providers are not exploring the entire market and meeting the specific needs that we have been able to identify in the market. They are to large to satisfy the distinctive needs of the entire market in terms of innovation and creativity and personalised serviced as well as the simplification of services. They are also slow to react to changes in the business environment as well as the new trends and developments in the world of health and fitness .For example the trend now is the simplification and ease of anything and everything that would complicate our life making use of creative and innovative ideas to increase life quality and prolong lives as long as possible. Critical Success Factors 1. Commitment At the Top. 2. Qualified Professional Staff. 3. Plan Then Proceed. 4. Location, Location, Location. 5. Right Size Right Cost. 6. Program to Match Needs 7. Effective Integration. 8. Right Price Minimal Discounts. 9. Commitment to Marketing and Sales. 10. Commitment to Outstanding Customer Service. 11. Measure, Manage and Measure Again. 12. Effective Communications with Members. Management Team and Company Structure The management team is comprised of all the founders of The Santon Health and Fitness Center Keleabetswe Sepengused, Marcelino Maliti Moises, Gonste Bokaba and Kgabo Lucia Mathibe. Director of Marketing and sales The director of marketing and sales is responsible for all the marketing of the company needs for example promotion, advertising, market research and sales Mrs. Keleabetswe Sepeng used to be the marketing and sales manager for Virgin Active from 2005 -2011 she will take charge of the same post in the new company. Mrs Sepeng is highly recognized in the industry and has a masters degree in marketing Chief Financial Officer The chief financial officer is responsible for the over all financial control and management of the company. The duties and responsibility involve creating control, managerial and evaluating measures for proper, ethical and legal financial control Mr. Marcelino M Moises will take the position of CFO Chief Financial Officer since he has the most qualified and has the most experience in the field after having worked for Planet fitness for over 10 years Mr. Marcelino has a Bachelor of Accounting Sciences and BA degree in Business Administrations Chief Executive Officer The chief executive officer is the highest position in the company, the duties and responsibilities of the CEO is the overall running of the entire organization, make decisions for the entire organizations .planning ,leading, organize ,controlling Mr. Gontse Bokaba will take the position of CEO Chief Executive Officer of the organization. Mr. Gontse Bokaba has worked for SAA South African Air Lines for more than 5 as the chief operations manager. Mr. Gontse Bokaba has a Master degree in Business Management Chief Operations Officer The chief operations officer is responsible planning, coordinating and managing the operations of the company theses include office administrations, overseeing that both products and services are Mrs. Kgabo Lucia Mathibe will exercise the position of COO Chief Operations officer or Managing Director because she has been the manager at a day Spar for many years so she has both insight and knows the beauty industry in and out. Mrs. Kgabo Lucia has a degree in Business Administrations and a master in Human resource management. As well as head the human resources department seeing as he has experience in recruiting and staffing. CEO Gontse DOM Keleabetswe CFO Marcelino COO Lucia Industry structure The South African health and fitness industry is dominated by a handful of large firms being Virgin Active, Planet fitness and Smart Gym. However these large health and fitness service providers are not exploring the entire market and meeting the specific needs that we have been able to identify in the market. They are to large to satisfy the distinctive needs of the entire market in terms of innovation and creativity and personalised serviced as well as the simplification of life. They are also slow to react to changes in the business environment as well as the new trends and developments in the world of health and fitness. Industry Trends Individual usage of fitness and health care training equipment has increased. Body work out and exercise has become a daily life routine of many people around the world in the last decade. Fitness memberships are increasingly getting popular in office environment around the world Companies are including health memberships as part of employee remuneration package. Long- Term Prospectus To ensure a continual development of the health and fitness industry in the country. To raise awareness of the increase of obesity and heart deceases in the country and to promote healthy living Market analysis Johannesburg is a capital city of Gauteng. It is the major harbor of South African business. All the major companies of business are based in Joburg. The current population of Johannesburg is 11million. All types of professions are found in Johannesburg. So, it is a competitive advantage to make business in Johannesburg. Market segmentation It focuses on fitness, health and beauty. Our target market when it comes to the gym, is for everyone especially families and for the beauty spa, our target market are young adults, male and female from the ages of 13-55 years. They have to earn a minimum of R3000 and more. For children between 13 and 20, parents have to be responsible for their membership. The money is going to be deducted every month in the parents accounts, for their childrens membership. The centre and beauty Spa would work very hard to see consumers being satisfied about what the centre delivers. Customers perceive more value from a good or service that seems to deliver more benefits for money. Market research will cover the following: customer needs, cultural elements, social connections, where family members, friends or associates can influence how, what, and when consumers buy, personnel elements, marketers for the fitness centre and beauty Spa. See opportunity in reaching young girls who are concentrating on their career and looking good when going to work and going out with friends, older women and men who are taking care of their health because of many diseases like obesity, high blood etc. Target market selection Target customers: the primary customer is children, young adults and adults. These customers are ages 12-65 years There approximately 3000 customers: 15% children, 50% young adults and 35 adults. 70%percent of young adults and adults are celebrities who spent most of their time at Sandton. Some of them homes are there. Competitors Analysis Our main competitors are Virgin Active, Planet Fitness and Smart gym Sandton Fitness Centre and Beauty Spa is the environment that is created in the facility. Our customers feel more relaxed and comfortable in a program that is focused on them. We have designed the childcare center to be visible from the main workout floor. Young mothers can oversee the child play while working out. Our main concern is to provide our customer with a direction who will organize each of our members healthy eating program and providing our members with a personal trainer who will ensure that a member do right exercise all the time according to his/her workout plan Marketing plan Sandton Fitness Center will focus on creating a brand image in the Johannesburg and Sandton area. We will Participate in the major events of health care awareness and education programs. Sandton Fitness Center will start by targeting low income segment of market downtown Sandton and Johannesburg area. We will convince people about the benefits and needs of wellness programs. This will be accomplished by aggressively pursuing interaction and relationships with peoples in public health awareness programs and by sending newsletters and emails through Social interactive websites like Face book, Twitter and Msn and Google messenger. Pricing Our prices and promotions are always subject to change especially when we take into account the fluctuating membership enrollments; however, for the most part our initial fees for our services will be R300 and R80 monthly for a general membership. We will also offer to customers the option of paying daily fees. This fee will be R50 charge for a days use of any service that our business provides. In addition we can offer to individuals the option of using exclusively our day spa for just one day. To use this option we will charge a standard fee of R25. For another pricing option we will give customers the option of paying an annual fee up front for R1, 100, this would be a saving of over R150. This move would benefit us as well considering we will see an immediate return on our investments allowing us to re-pay our debt quickly. This type of pricing will set us over many of our competitors rates; however the most important opponent will be outbid. Planet fitness, which comes closest t o what we provide, will be outbid by over R600 and other competitors do not offer the level of resources that we will sell to our customers. In this way we feel that the service we sell and the price we offer can overcome or compete heavily with every competitor in the market. PromotionPlan   We will attempt to use a variety of strategies in order to make contact with potential members. A fairly cheap and easily accessible form of advertisement will be the Internet. By running our own website, www.SandtonFitnessCenter.com we can reach a wide variety of customers. This is also a fairly cheap way in which to get our name out since it will only cost our company $9.95 to launch and run the site annually. Another cost effective way to market our name will be to have various sales promotions and use flyers to get the word out. By making use of the following mediums of communication newspapers, magazines, television and radio as the medium of advertisement. In addition they will print 5,000 brochures for creating awareness in the market about their health care services; they will be distributed in major health care seminars and events where officials from Fitness Plus will participate. Operational plan Service Execution Timeline: Sandton Fitness Center will follow this service execution model to enter in the health club market. General trainer payroll and even provide our members with online scheduling, registration, bill payment and more. Establishing and maintaining membership opportunities is essential to owning successful business and our business may have monthly specials or different membership level in order to maximize sales. Our online registration system allows families to complete registration 34/7 from any internet connected computer. We created custom club sign-up forms and website., process most types of payment, manage room to block and reservations, create name badges, auto sent reminder e-mails and mange our members over complete reports. Business Location Sandton Fitness Centre and Beauty Spar is located in Nelson Mandela Square at Sandton city, is only 25km from Johannesburg international airport Task February March April May June July August Choosing location Website development Hiring, training and admin staff Advertising Opening of health club Location: Sandton Fitness Center will start its business in main street area of Coral Gables; there is presence of already established health clubs such as Golds Gym and Coral Gables Adventure Boot camp. Legal Environment: There are no current legal obligations for Fitness Plus health club. Personnel: Fitness Plus will start with a total of 10 initial staff members that includes owners as well. Facilities and Equipment Fitness Centre offers a large selection of equipment: Treadmills (20) Bicycles (10) Steppers Stairmaster Body trek Cross aerobic trainer Weights Services: Sandton Fitness Center will provide following health related services: Aerobics Cycling Boxing Yoga Pilates Muscle Training Diabetes Obesity Control Beauty treatments eg. massages, pedicures, manicures, facials Benefits and Features: State of the art facility with latest equipment from quality manufacturers Low cost with monthly, quarterly and annual subscription plans. Personal qualified trainers to help our members achieving results without wasting much time Why people need this service? Health care and fitness club market in around South Africa have been serving to a high income segment of late. Average income of health club member is R 50000 as of 2006 survey. This leaves a large segment of low-income customers with unmet needs. Fitness Plus will primarily exist to provide health care facility to the lower income class without compromising on quality of service. Challenges: Fitness Plus will face a challenging situation in creating its brand image and attracting customers towards their services due to presence of already established players in the local market such as: Virgin Active Planet Fitness SmartGym Financial Plan Sources of Capital Investment requirement R5, 000,000 Total Investment R5, 000,000 Startup Expenses Health club development R1, 000, 000 Personnel R290, 000 Capital Expenditures R500, 000 Consulting Services R100, 000 Promotion R60, 000 Total Start-up Expenses R1, 950, 000 Our company, Sandton Fitness Center will meet capital needs by talking to various money sources. These sources will include family members, banks, venture capitalist, and personal savings. We hope to receive R5 million before we even begin our venture. By the first year we will be losing R2.4 million with an expected 1,000 members. By the second year we will have double our member to 2,000 and have a combined loss of R25 around 2.4 million including the first years losses. By the third year with 3,000 members, we will show a profit of R1 million. We hope by explaining this outlook to investors they will be convinced of our legitimate venture. Also by showing our belief in the company we each will invest R250,000. We project getting R3 million from venture capitalist and the rest of the money from a bank loan that would be paid off by the fifth year of operation. Pro forma Income Stament Projected Income Sandton Fitness Center Income Statement YEAR1 YEAR2 YEAR3 YEAR4 Sales R1,260,000.00 R 2,520.000 R3,780,000 R3,970,000 Net sales R1,260,000.00 R2,520,000 R3,780,000 R3,970,000 Gross Profit 0 R 1,077,520 R 1,267,521 Operating Expenses Payroll expense R551, 000.00 R551, 000 R 551,000 R 551,000 Payroll tax expense R38, 570.00 R38,570 R 38,570, R 38,570 Bad debts expense R194, 500.00 R194, 500.00 R194, 500.00 R194, 500.00 Promotional Expense R62, 009.95 R62, 009.95 R62, 009.95 R62, 009.95 Office supplies expense R220, 000.00 R220, 000.00 R220, 000.00 R220, 000.00 Utilities expense R120, 000.00 R120, 000.00 R120, 000.00 R120, 000.00 Insurance expense R200, 000.00 R200, 000.00 R200, 000.00 R200, 000.00 In-club entertainment R1, 000.00 R1, 000.00 R1, 000.00 R1, 000.00 Lease costs for building R1, 200,000.00 R1, 200,000.00 R1, 200,000.00 R1, 200,000.00 Depreciation expense, office equipment R15, 400.00 R15, 400.00 R15, 400.00 R15, 400.00 Maintenance and repairs expense R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 Miscellaneous selling expense R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R50, 000.00 R2,702,479.95 R2,702,479.95 R2,702,479.95 R2,702,479.95 Other Expenses Building of pool R110, 000.00 Building of basketball courts R350, 000.00 Building of tennis courts R75, 000.00 Building of track and indoor soccer field R370, 000.00 Spa features R120, 000.00 R1,025,000.00 Net Income R 2,467,479.95 Projected Balance sheet Year 2009 Year 2010 Rm Rm Non-current assets Intangible assets Tangible assets Investments Taxation recoverable 237.6 121.9 2.0 4.9 366.4 260.3 137.5 2.8 5.9 406.5 Current Assets Inventories Amount receivable (debtors) Six-month deposits Cash and cash equivalents 24.3 134.7 90.5 249.5 26.6 146.9 2.0 105.3 280.8 Current liabilities Amount payable(creditors) Bank overdraft Net current assets Total assets less current liabilities (157.5) (62.6) (220.1) 29.4 395.8 (159.8) (40.1) (199.9) 80.9 487.4 Non-current liabilities Amount payable (creditors) Bank and other borrowings Provisions Net assets (2.6) 0.6 (22.2) 370.4 (2.7) (0.7) (20.2) 464.3 Capital and reserves Shareholders funds 370.4 464.3 Pro forma Cash Flows (3-Year) Sandton Fitness Center Plus Year 1 Year 2 Year3 Cash Received Cash from Operations Cash Sales R1, 230,000 R4, 940,000 R14,751,000 Cash from Receivables R0 R0 R0 Subtotal Cash from Operations R1,230,000 R4,940,000 R14,751,000 Additional Cash Received New Borrowing R1,000,000 R0 R0 New Other Liabilities (interest-free) $ 0 R0 R0 New Long-term Liabilities R0 R0 R0 Sales of Other Current Assets R0 R0 R0 Sales of Long-term Assets $ 0 R0 R0 New Investment Received R0 R0 R0 Subtotal Cash Received R2,230,000 R4,940,000 R14,751,000 Expenditures Expenditures from Operations Personnel R290, 000 R840,000 R940,000 Consulting Services R90, 000 R480,000 R480,000 Promotion R5,000 R6,000 R6,000 Subtotal Spent on Operations R385,000 R1,326,000 R1,426,000 Additional Cash Spent Taxes R32,290 R338,580 R1,302,500 Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing R0 R0 R0 Other Liabilities Principal Repayment R0 R0 R0 Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment R0 R0 R0 Purchase Other Current Assets R0 R0 R0 Purchase Long-term Assets R810,000 R810,000 R1,345,000 Dividends R0 R0 R0 Subtotal Cash Spent R1,227,290 R2,474,580 R4,073,500 Net Cash Flow R1,002,710 R2,465,420 R10,677,500 Cash Balance R1,012,710 R3,478,130 R14,155,630 CONCLUSION Through the plan that we have outlined we feel confident that although a very intricate and complex process to start and run such a company, we can accomplish such an ambitious endeavor. We have analyzed the market, covered expenses, visualized a goal, and planned accordingly. Our company would be a sound investment because assets and collateral would insure re-payment and realistic projections allow for error if they are needed. To be realistic, we cannot guarantee a success, but as the proverb goes, A hero is one who knows how to hang on one minute longer and this is the entrepreneurial spirit that we will carry throughout the life of our fitness center.